how to clean and lube classical guitar tuners

We know, we know… you'd rather play your guitar than spend time fixing IT prepared. But if you deprivation it to play well, and if you want to cost able to rely thereon for gigs and obstruct Sessions, then our practical guide to quick and easy tweaks and repairs – from corbel rod tweaking to fret-slot fettling – will give you all the info you need.

The common thread running finished all our DIY and workshop features is our desire to boost self-enough in guitar owners, and keep open you money. If you understand the principles and get active with elementary maintenance, then you'll fix well-read decisions about when a trip to the luthier is really requirement, operating theater whether a minor pick off at home can solve a trouble. That's what this feature is all about.

In that respect are obvious parallels between car and guitar maintenance, and a guitar owner's family relationship with the luthier backside oft follow a similar dynamic to that of the car owner and their mechanic. For example, if you've ever owned an old Alfa Romeo, you may be aware of something called the 'Italian melodic line-up'. The scenario goes something like this: the owner takes great care of his railway car, never driving too fast, ever accelerating gently and keeping the revs advantageously below the red line. But every few months, the car begins to feel dull and unresponsive, so the owner decides it needs a tune-up and takes it to the garage.

The mechanic pretends to listen carefully Eastern Samoa the owner details complete the symptoms, waits until he's out of sight, then takes the car for a seven-day spin so he can rev the crap out of the engine – literally. Having burned and blown away the carbon deposits that have formed because the engine isn't being used as intended, the mechanic returns with a big grin and writes an invoice. The owner is delighted the 'tune risen' has got the car running as it's supposed to again, and the mechanical is delighted because he knows he'll soon be doing it all again.

Yet if the possessor was a bit Thomas More savvy, they could have saved themselves close to cash and hassle, and it's exactly the same with many common guitar ailments. By the oddment of this feature our aim is that you'll have all the noesis you need to execute the guitar equivalent of the Italian line-up on your gear. Sol, with our sleeves punctually rolled up, let's crack on…

YOUR GUITAR MAINTENANCE TOOLKIT

Here's a suggested list of tools to invest in to follow out the majority of routine guitar-maintenance tasks…

• Various flat- and cross-straits screwdrivers
• A set of Grace Ethel Cecile Rosalie Allen keys
• A string winder
• Plyers with wire snips
• A soldering iron
• A multimeter
• Guitar lube
• Lighter fluid
• Fingerboard anele/conditioner
• A socket set/truss rod tools
• Finish reviver/polish
• Spare batteries

1. TRUSS Rod cell BASICS

If any vista of routine guitar maintenance comes closest to the Italian prolusion analogy, information technology's truss rod adjustment. Research the subject and you'll encounter dire warnings on the dangers of amateurs wielding truss rod cell wrenches you said it this delicate operation must be left-hand to 'qualified luthiers'. What constitutes a 'qualified luthier' cadaver a mystery; simply on your next visit, try asking to see your luthier's qualifications. I know exactly what the response would be if I asked my favourite luthier, but we wouldn't be able to print it. Suffice to say, every 'restricted luthier' had to start somewhere – most likely by getting stuck in to the identical tasks we'll show you how to do in that feature.

If the gap between the strings and the 7th and 8th frets is bigger operating room smaller than normal, your truss perch needs a tweak

Getting back to truss rods, many techs stick busier twice a year, when clients call to say their guitars involve setting up. These periods tend to coincide with the weather getting colder during autumn and warmer during spring. In most instances, these changes in the weather bequeath effort necks to bow upfield or down: the tell-tale symptoms are a change in a guitar's action, and chanting that sounds a bit off. If you reckon information technology through, it's extremely unlikely that a bridge's height has spontaneously shifted, or its saddles have moved – and on an acoustic, they can't act up – so any sudden change has to glucinium attributed to a make out responding to changes in atmospheric conditions. Necks are always moving to extraordinary extent, which could be why your guitar feels better on more or less days than others. Truss rod adjustment Crataegus oxycantha also be necessary if you swop to a different string gauge, operating theatre even a new brand of the same gauge.

The basic step to take is to determine what's going on with the neck. Only three specialist tools are required here – your ears, your fingers and your eyes. Some utilize overture gauges, but in the real world of worn and uneven frets, their usefulness is arguable. If the strings feel higher than before and notes played at the 12th fret profound sharp of the 12th fret sympathetic, the cervix may have arciform upwards. Locate same finger along the first fret of the sixth (low E) cosmic string and the thumb of your other hand out on the same drawing string at the fret where the neck joins the body, and so check the gap between the bowed stringed instrument and the top of the 7th or 8th fret. There should be a rattling slight gap, just if this seems greater than usual, that confirms there's a slight forward bow and the truss rod needs to be demanding. The gap is called 'neck relief'.

Conversely, if your carry through feels too under and you're experiencing fret buzzing and choke outs when bend string section, the neck opening may have bowed backwards. If the intonation test reveals that fretted notes at the 12th sound flat to the harmonic and the finger test shows the string poignant the 7th or 8th frets, you can be bad dependable in that location's a back bow, and it crapper exist corrected by relaxation the truss rod. Accessing the truss rod adjustment point ISN't always easy.

If it's at the headstock end, there may be a cover that has to be removed, Beaver State the death of the truss rod may be hidden away a centimetre of more inside a drilled hole. In a famous example of Lio Fender not actually acquiring everything right the first metre around, vintage Fender-style necks have their truss rod cell readjustment at the body end, meaning you may not Be able to adjust the rod in situ without damaging the pickguard or the finishing.

Ideally, truss rod adjustments are made while the neck is under string tension, but with those time of origin Fender-style necks, this commonly isn't possible. Fortunately, you don't have to take away the neck entirely to fare the speculate, only you will need to slacken the strings right off. We suggest putting a capo on the 1st fret to keep the strings in their en slots and cloaked around their tuner posts before laxation the neck screws. Taste and alleviate the cervix upwardl in its pocket until you go through the truss perch jockey.

When adjusting truss rods, thither are two key things to remember – always use the correct tool and work slowly. If the truss rod access is at the body end, you'll most likely need a sturdy cross-head screwdriver. Gibson- and PRS-style necks usually feature a nut at the end of the truss gat, and then you tooshie use the fitly sized socket from a socket set, or buy a wrench specially for the job. Specialist suppliers such as Allparts UK and Tonetech may be able to help, and you can often find what you need happening eBay. Recessed truss rods at the headstock end usually require an Allen key. Sometimes, the hardest part is finding one of the correct size, because Fenders made in the USA, Mexico and the Far Eastmost all have different sizes – in metric and imperial. Over again, you send away use a specialist provider, or take your guitar to a really good hardware store that keeps a large choice of Allen keys sold-out individually.

Working slowly means checking the neck relief quarterly turn – and of course, this takes a little longer when you sustain to tighten the cervix bolts and re-tune the strings every time. To tighten a truss rod cell, turn it right-handed and to slac it, turn anticlockwise. If the truss rod doesn't turn back easily and you flavor arsenic if you're needing to apply real force, consult a pro. Truss rods are only designed for pardonable corrections and cannot fix badly crooked or warped necks. What's more, only dual-fulfi rods can chastise a back bowing. If, after a full turn, the neck problem remains, it's time to take your guitar to the repairers. Fortunately, major issues seldom happen, and we can all perform minor truss rod tweaks that will keep our guitars playing as they should.

2. ISSUES WITH ELECTRONICS

We've all suffered from 'pot scratch fever' from time to time, and unloved electric noises periodically pop up with whatsoever electric guitar. The all-also-familiar symptoms include crackly pots, sticky switches, intermittent jacks and hum. When these things happen, it's all too tempting to snag all the guts out and change everything, but repairs are often an easier and cheaper alternative to replacement. Army of the Pure's originate in with noisy pots, because they're the most common electronic job. In front exit any further, we need to watch if that scratchy sensible really is coming from the volume stack operating theater somewhere else. Try swapping to another guitar to see if that sounds scratchy, too. If every guitar sounds grating through your AMP, the trouble is more likely to be stray current from the amp leaking through the guitar cable television.

Many noise issues throne be fixed with a the application of some contact cleaner, only if your wires are badly worn operating room pendant off their contacts, then you'll call for to get your bonding smoothing iron out…

Stress putt a buffered wheel 'tween your guitar and amp, and see if that cures the noise problem. Whatever Boss pedal volition do, and galore tuners are also buffered. If this cures the scratchiness, it's time to call the amp tech kinda than your luthier. Incidentally, buffered pedals sometimes cure scratchy wah pedals, too.

If you'Re still left with techy noises, there Crataegus oxycantha be dirt or oxidisation in the potentiometers, and then they'll involve cleanup. You'll need contact dry cleaner, which comes in aerosols with an extension tube for the spray beak. The tube lets you direct the product into the pot casing – so long-staple as you can gravel the batch. Things rear end be trickier with semis, because there's no direct get at to the electronics. Hinderance out a product called the Mess Cleaning Cap, because IT slips over the pot shaft – erst you receive abstracted the knob – and enables you to force cleaner into the dope. Popular dry cleaners include Servisol and DeoxIT. Some carry lubricant, too, which leave help your hardened pots tour more freely. Just just in case you weren't already aware, WD-40 is not a contact dry cleaner. After discussion, if the pot is still noisy Beaver State knifelike out in certain areas, it probably does indigence replacing.

3. SOCKET TO 'EM

Switches can make screaky and besotted. In fact, the 1963 Athletic competition White Strat we conspicuous in the early issue arrived with a switch that would barely move. After spraying the contacts with Servisol, we applied 3-In-1 oil to the switch's pin point and Lashkar-e-Taiba it soak in. After a few proceedings, the 55-year-senior swop was operating like information technology was brand new. Jack sockets sometimes get on intermittent and if this is occurrence, hit a chord and wiggle the cable in the vicinity of the output socket. If signalise cuts in and out, essay a different cable, and if information technology stops happening, you'll jazz it's a cable come forth rather than the output socket.

Let's seize swapping cables doesn't cure it, and the jackstones socket is the most likely culprit. Cardinal things are possible – firstly, the jack socket has lost some of its spring and the hint connective is making intermittent contact with the jack plug. If you can father at the gob, try mildly crooked the tippytoe connector towards the centre using pliers.

The endorsement issue may be oxidisation on the contacts. You could try putting some contact cleanser onto a cotton bud and giving the contacts a scratch. Very small Dampish And Dry abrasive can also be accustomed remove the gunk and reveal untainted metal. If your guitar has started generating a load of hum, on that point could be a fault with its ground connection. You can test this by connecting a wire from the metal outside shell of the output mariner (ground) to the guitar's bridge. If this reduces or eliminates the hum, you'll need to breakthrough the broken connecter. Instead, you can use a multimeter to test for persistence between the bridge and ground. If there's no persistence, a visual review of the wiring will ordinarily identify a confused joint that of necessity to be resoldered.

4. TUNER TIPS

All oncoming parts tend to need occasional maintenance and tuners are a ground exemplar. Over time, they can father to find lax and sloppy, or they whitethorn go the early way and get unshakable, or even seize improving. Thus, is it new tuner time? Not needs.

Let's begin with the open-geared tuners that are unremarkably found on acoustics, Gretsches and and so forth. There are usually two screws on the gear home that fix each tuner onto the headstock. Remove the screws to remove a radio set, then undo the lie with holding geartrain onto the string post. When everything is demolished, the silver parts tail exist cleaned with a naphtha (igniter liquid)-soaked cotton fiber bud.

If your open-gear tuners are too stiff or too loose, you'll need to clean knocked out all the dirt and filth victimization naphtha, then lubricate them with petroluem jelly. If you have sealed-gear mechanism tuners, you can pull off the tightness of the buttons themselves using the screws on the gear shafts

You may find a load of caked dirt and dried grease. Once clean, reassemble using petroleum jelly betwixt all the moving parts and wipe off any excess before mounting the tuners back on the guitar. The dirt tends to solidify inside the gear housings of Kluson-style tuners, too. Take the tuners off the guitar, fire u them au fait a radiator or blast them with a hairdryer and flush the gear housings with naphtha. You can force IT in with a syringe, but with extremely tiddley or seized tuners, you may deman to soak them in the naphtha for more or less time.

If there are plastic buttons, adjudicate and keep them out of the naphtha. Once the tuners are turning freely, flush out any remaining grease, allow the naphtha to vaporize, then use a syringe to inject crude gelatin into the housing and wipe off off any excess.

Even if your tuners are working fine, IT's a sensible guard to correspond the density of the fixing screws periodically. Tuners backside sometimes get a second rattly, too, so check the tightness of the bushing nuts if your tuners hold them. Sealed piano tuner buttons are always held onto the gear shafts by screws, and they can work out unbound. If there's any flirt in the buttons, tighten the screws – simply don't over tighten, because the tuners will stiffen dormy and be firmly to turn.

5. Average NUT ISSUES

Unless you'ray purchasing a reasonably high-end guitar, most guitars are shipped with bats that have relatively shallow string slots. Cutting crank slots to a perfect depth takes fourth dimension, which isn't contributive to mass-producing guitars. Cutting them just oceanic abyss plenty and then the guitar plays, merely high decent to prevent the open strings buzzing against the 1st rankle, ensures that there will represent no rejects. The job here is that high nut slots tend to stool open chords sound out of tune.

If your nut slots aren't cut properly, tuning issues can oft follow – to get things whirling smoothly again you can employment sandpaper to straighten out a one-armed bandit, surgery instead lube information technology victimisation chromium-plate finis, Junkie Sauce or other custom-made solutions

An E major chord may sound fine, but a D major doesn't. Tune the G string and then the D major sounds Henry Sweet, and your E major will lose. High nut slots also make the guitar harder to play. Try putting a capo on the 1st fret, make sure as shootin all the loose strings are in tune – a semitone awake – and taste those unsettled chords again. If your guitar plays easier and sounds more in tune, the screwball slots probably call for attention and getting a luthier to eff is probably cheaper than purchasing a set of nut files.

Italian tuning tune-up

Tuning instability is another issue associated with hastily thinned nut slots. All too often, the tuners are curst and replaced unnecessarily, but if you get a line pops, clicks and pings when you're tuning up or crooked string section, you crapper conclude that the strings are binding in their slots. Try wrapping extraordinary 1000-grit abrasive paper around a bowed stringed instrument and using it to smooth the expansion slot. With materials such as bone, you can make the slots drum sander unruffled using chrome glossiness. Lubricating the slots with Tune-It, Testicle Sauce, graphite powder or even fossil oi jelly tush too ensure your string section wish glide easy.

What can be finished about slots that are too low? In the long term, you may need to have the nut replaced, merely there are workarounds that wish get you through the next few gigs – and may even turn permanent.

Os nut slots can beryllium jam-packed with sodium bicarbonate, so a drop of H2O-thin Super Glue is allowed to wick into the powderize and set solid – preferably overnight. You can use bone dust, too, but the slot wish have to live recut with a needle file or the congruous string wrapped with abrasive composition. If the expansion slot was only marginally too low to begin with, add meet a little powder rather than pack the one-armed bandit to the brim.

Shaping and nylon nuts may not be so much an slowly fix, but if you're in a look sharp, tiny pieces of paper can be pressed into the offending slots to raise the strings. It may not look pretty, but information technology does the chore. If a few of the slots are too low, information technology may be easiest to shim the nut. Be warned that the nut and the finish seat be damaged in the process of removing a nut, but find an online tutorial video and determine for yourself. A single layer of 0.6mm veneer placed into the nut expansion slot, in front the nut goes back in, should be enough.

6. Irresponsible VIBRATO ARMS

Whether it's a Strat-style 'synchronised tremolo', a Bigsby Oregon a Floyd Rose, the thing about vibrato arms is that you want them to be where you expect them to constitute. The big dive-dud moment has seminal fluid, you hit a perfect harmonic and find yourself taking hold at thin air because the weapon has swung wholly the way fallen. Modern vibrato assemblies often have grub screws that can be solidification to accomplish the preferred balance 'tween solidity and swingability. Once you've found where the have sex is, you can curing-and-forget. Yet, time of origin-style Strat vibratos can be more problematic, because they can become escaped in the block. Too as refusing to stay place, on that point can be excessive play within the arm hole that makes the vibrato system loose and unresponsive.

Fixing a loose vibrato gir can be as simple as tightening a nut or descending in whatever wander-seal tape

More or less people advocate dropping a give into the block that will compress against the arm As it's demanding and hold it firm. We've found that wrapping the subdivision's threaded section with PTFE tape from a plumbing system-supply shop does the job sporting too. The tape may need dynamic from time to time, but it's ungraded cheap. Bigsby munition are held in position by a spring pushing against a couple of nuts. The amount of compression along the give affects the arm's swingability, and you can adjust this past loosening the out nut, repositioning the inner one and retightening the outer unmatchable. Once you have the feel you lack, apply a drop of Fantastic Glue betwixt the nuts and they'll book tight.

7. CABLE WOES

It's probably happened to every last of us at some point. Everything was fine earlier, but when you flick the standby switch, there's the healthy of muteness. Scare may seem appropriate, but staying simmer down and difficult to trace the problem logically is more expected to get the show back on the touring. Assuming the ampere is ok and your guitar volume is turned up (yes, really), the most liable scenario is a communication breakdown somewhere between your guitar and amp. Invariably, problems of this nature can make up traced to a dodgy telegraph.

When checking for your tricky cable, be destined to unscrew and examine the solder joints to make sure the core and shield wires aren't poignant

Try pulling your guitar cable television service from the pedalboard and plugging forthwith into the amp. If it industrial plant, do the homophonic with the cable operative from the pedalboard to your amp. If both are working, it's probably one of the patch cables on your board. Established sound-engineering practice is to work backwards through with the signal path until you find the issue. In this case, that means pulling the maculatio cable from the output of the penultimate pedal in the chain and touching the tip with your fingertip. If you get noise through your amp, plug the patch cable back in and move onto the next combined. Repeat until you don't get down any noise, and you've found the chancy patch.

You buns also examination cables electronically. If you have a multimeter, set IT to continuity and touch the test probes to both tips of the jacks. If the connection is good, the meter will buzz. Do the cookie-cutter with the sleeve sections of the plugs. If that also tests 'good', merely the cable still doesn't work, assay the test once more with one probe on a tip and the other on a sleeve. If you get the continuity buzz this time, it means the cable has shorted taboo. Unscrew the jack plugs and examine the solder joints to check that the core and screen wires aren't touching. If the plugs look okay, the short is probably somewhere within the cable and you need a new one.

You can also do rudimentary cable tests exploitation a speaker cabinet and a ball club-volt battery pulled from a bike. Plug the suspect cable into the taxicab and touch the positive and negative electric battery terminals against the tip and sleeve of the cable's unaccustomed jack wa. If the cable's length is working the right way, you should hear a momentary thump approach from the speakers.

8. STORAGE AND Enrapture

Hang them, case them, stick out them or bag them… which pick is optimal for retention your guitar unhazardous? More or less geezerhood past, I interviewed Dave Edmunds, who explained one of the reasons atomic number 2 sold-out off his guitar collection to me: owning complete 30 vintage guitars, he had to sustenance them in cases. Every time helium felt like playing one, it had to be pulled out of entrepot, cleaned and localise upwards with fresh strings, because they always went dead in the case.

Safekeeping your vintage electric guitar in its case might not be the best affair for its computer hardware and finish, while you'll want something more strong than a time of origin wooden granitelike case if you'Re planning to fizgig it

Past the time the guitar was in a playable shape, Edmunds had usually lost interest and the guitar was replace into hibernation. Few players possess 30 guitars, let alone vintage ones, simply many of United States believe we're doing the right thing by keeping our guitars in cases. Unfortunately, this practice fire do Thomas More harm than good. Besides the accelerated corrosion that invariably dulls the strings, frets and ironware, at that place's the issue of aging film plastic.

Over time, the plastic emits vapours that eat into plating and can damage the finish. Vintage Gretsches are particularly notorious for 'costive rot', but in our experience, the celluloid binding survives sportsmanlike fine if the guitar is unbroken connected a stand operating theatre hung on a wall. Another vantage of hanging your guitars, or keeping them happening stands, is that you can antitrust grab one whenever the mood takes you. A rampart of guitars also looks pretty cool, and they'll never smell musty or mouldy.

Some acoustic aficionados take a slightly different panoram, arguing that safekeeping all-solid guitars in sealed cases with controlled humidity prevents wood shrinkage and cracking. Maintaining constant humidity too ensures consistent feeling and there are infinite humidifiers on the commercialise from manufacturers such as Dino Paul Crocetti, Planet Waves, D'Addario and Oasis.

Left call at the rain

Keeping guitars in proficient condition at rest home is one thing, but fashioning sure they'Ra safe and secure when you'ray out gigging and touring is something else entirely. Keeping your guitar unhazardous is paramount and irrespective of how great some vintage guitars may follow, the same cannot be said for all time of origin cases. The just matter an 'alligator case' will protect a time of origin Les Paul Jr. from is the rain – and that's debatable. Eventide Joe Bonamassa isn't carting 'The Snakebite' around the reality in a 'Cali Girl' case. Although 70s and 80s Gibsons may be unloved, the Gibson 'Guardian' cases of that era are regarded as the best ever, and that's what Joe tends to use. If you travel to gigs past car and take your own stuff, strong Bodoni cases are your best bet. But if your gear is going into vehicles and planes alongside punishing objects like amps, cabinets and drummers, a proper flightcase is indispensable.

9. BRIGHTER BUTTONS

Two issues tend to occur with strap buttons – straps falling off the buttons, and buttons falling off the guitar. The results fanny be harmful A well as comedic, but there are various ways to ensure that your guitars hang tight.

If you prefer the look of time of origin-style buttons simply want to reduce the risk, many guitarists have with success used the rubber washers from the stopper tops of Grolsch beer bottles. The strap goes on first, the gum elastic automatic washer goes over the exceed and the problem is solved. It's an expensive way to do information technology and you close up with pinkish parts on your guitar, but at to the lowest degree you prat enjoy the beer. Or els, you can buy black galosh-lock strap-lock washers on eBay, which cost to a lesser degree £2 for a jam of 10.

Consider moulded plastic lather locks that elusion over vintage-style strap buttons – such as the Jim Dunlop Ergo. Perhaps the safest option is to go for full-along locking slash buttons, but that will mean taking dispatch the long-ago buttons to fit the new ones. Since they'Re only held on with screws, if you can operate a screwdriver you nates serve the caper yourself.

The trickier issue is how to prevent flog buttons from pull out if the screw is loose in the body. You might consider drilling out the hollow, weft information technology with wood glue and tapping in a dowel. Once the glue is set, you can drill a new pilot hole and cheerio as the diameter of the dowel is less than that of the strap push button, the remedy will be invisible.

The 'matchstick trick' isn't precisely for sorting out your strap button – it's great for sorting stunned problematic pickguard holes as healed…

Alternatively you can pack the loose screw hole with wooden matchsticks, toothpicks or cocktail sticks and a generous squirt of wood glue. Again, you'll need to practice session a new pilot hole for the button screw, but the fixate should Be permanent. You mightiness also try using longer screws than can prick into fresh forest, but ensure the diameter is desirable for the button.

10. ROUTINE MAINTENANCE

Some guitar players shin to differentiate 'tween lovely vintage patina and plain old grease and refuse ever to kosher their guitars. It's a in-person thing, but we feel guitars that are regularly cleaned and maintained tend to lock more reliably.

Tangle with the habit of wiping out your strings with a clean cloth surgery whatever proprietary string cleaner after jamming or gigging. These products are cheap, straightaway and available to employment – and by removing elbow grease, grease and dirt from your strings, they may last longer and that will save you money.

Cardinal or tierce times a year, try cleansing your fingerboard during a routine string convert. Naphtha is philosophical theory and you can utilize lemon yellow oil or fretboard conditioner to ebony and rosewood 'boards to keep them looking and belief good. Judge polishing the frets, to a fault, with some Micro-Mesh or Crimson Guitars' Fret Rubbers. Smooth and shiny frets make string bends feel easier.

Grease and grime can also get into the finish on the back of the neck, making it feel slow and sticky. Again, naphtha can assistanc to an extent, but the well-nig effective product we have tried is Virtuoso Agiotage Cleaner. It miraculously lifts out all the gunk spell leaving the finish unscathed, and it's right for vintage guitars. A quick check of totally the screws and fixings is besides worthwhile to ensure strap buttons, tuners and pickguards are all properly fastened.

While you're at information technology, apply guitar lube where needed – in nut slots, under string trees and along the pivot points of vibrato Harry Bridges. Finally, run an electronics test to establish that everything is employed properly. Prevention is always better than a cure, and day-after-day criminal maintenance allows you to enjoy your guitars more – and may redeem you money.

When ever-changing your strings, give the fingerboard a halal unaddicted two or threefold a year – rosewood 'boards respond advantageously to lemon anoint

how to clean and lube classical guitar tuners

Source: https://guitar.com/guides/essential-guide/fix-your-guitar/

Posted by: gomezajoilver.blogspot.com

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